Section 1 West Is West (第一章：西方即西方)
- Four earliest ancient civilizations (四大早期文明古国)
- Ancient Babylon (Mesopotamia), Egypt, India and China (古巴比伦（美索不达米亚）、古埃及、古印度和古中国)
- River valleys (对应流域)
- Tigris and Euphrates Valley (底格里斯河与幼发拉底河流域，即两河流域)
- Nile Valley (尼罗河流域)
- Indus Valley (印度河流域)
- Huanghe River Valley (黄河流域)
- Cradle of western civilization: ancient Greece (西方文明的摇篮：古希腊)
- Began at Sumer (文明起源于苏美尔)
- Developed in Egypt (在埃及得到发展)
- Flowered in Greece (在希腊开花结果，走向繁荣)
I. The concept of the West (西方的概念)
- “The West” as an idea (“西方”是一个观念)
- Theoretical boundary between Asia & Europe (East & West): the Ural Mountains (亚洲与欧洲（东方与西方）的理论分界线：乌拉尔山脉)
- The boundary often defined to follow (通常遵循的分界线包括): - the Ural Mountains (乌拉尔山脉), the Ural River (乌拉尔河), the Caspian Sea (里海), the Greater Caucasus (大高加索山脉), the Black Sea (黑海), the Turkish Strait (土耳其海峡), the Aegean Sea (爱琴海)
- “The West” has not been labeled geographically, normally referring to… (“西方”并非严格的地理标签，通常指代…) - the developed states of Europe (not including the eastern Europe) (欧洲的发达国家，不含东欧) - the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, etc. (美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等，这些国家在文化上被视为西方的延伸)
II. Basic Information about Western Civilization (关于西方文明的基本信息)
- “Western civilization” is as much an idea as the West itself, belonging to no particular place. (“西方文明”本身也像“西方”一样是个观念，不局限于特定地理位置)
- The Birthplace - the Mediterranean (发源地：地中海地区)
- Terra: Earth Mother (忒拉：罗马神话中的大地之母)
- Two origins: Hellenic civilization and Hebraic/Hebrew civilization (两大源头：希腊文明与希伯来文明)
- Hellenic civilization (the Greco-Roman element) (希腊文明，也称希腊-罗马元素)
- People (民族): the Greeks (希腊人)
- Language (语言): Hellenic (古希腊语)
- Literature (文学): mythological literature (神话文学)
- Classics (经典): the Homeric epics (荷马史诗，指《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》) - Hebraic/Hebrew civilization (the Judeo-Christian element) (希伯来文明，也称犹太-基督教元素)
- People (民族): the Jews (犹太人)
- Language (语言): Hebrew (希伯来语)
- Literature (文学): religious literature (宗教文学)
- Classics (经典): the Bible (《圣经》)
III. Influences of Western Civilization: Good influences and Bad influences (西方文明的影响：积极影响与消极影响)
Section 2 Ancient Greece (第二章：古希腊)
- Location of ancient Greece (古希腊地理位置)
- Southeastern Europe (欧洲东南部)
- South tip of Balkan Peninsula (巴尔干半岛南端)
- Ancient Greece Timeline (古希腊历史年表)
- The Aegean Civilization (3000-1100BC) (爱琴海文明)
- Greek Dark Ages (1100-900BC) (希腊黑暗时代)
- →Greek Renaissance (900-700BC) (希腊文艺复兴)
- →Orientalized Greece (700-600BC) (东方化时期)
- Archaistic Greece (600-500BC) (古风时期)
- Classical Greece (500-323BC) (古典时期)
- Hellenic Greece (323-31BC) (希腊化时期)
I. The Aegean Civilization 爱琴文明 (3000-1100 BC)
- Cretan-Mycenaean Culture (克里特-迈锡尼文化)
- Cretan civilization (克里特文明)
- Mycenaean civilization (迈锡尼文明)
- ** Cretan / Minoan civilization (named after the legendary King Minos) (克里特文明/米诺斯文明，以传说中的米诺斯王命名)**
- Beginning of ancient Greek culture (古希腊文化的开端)
- Location: Crete (Eastern Mediterranean) (地点：克里特岛，位于地中海东部)
- Time period: 3000 BC to 1100 BC (时间：公元前3000-1100年)
- Architecture: the Palace of Knossos (建筑代表：克诺索斯宫，以其复杂的结构闻名，被认为是传说中米诺斯迷宫的原型)
- Writing system: Linear A (书写系统：线性文字A)
- Early syllabic script (早期的音节文字)
- Significant archaeological discovery (重要的考古发现)
- Still undeciphered (至今未能破译)
- 2. Mycenaean Culture 迈锡尼文明
- Time period: 1600-1100 BC (时间：公元前1600-1100年)
- Location: centered in Mainland Greece (地点：以希腊大陆为中心)
- Named after Mycenae (以其主要城邦迈锡尼命名)
- Military culture: the legendary Trojan War (军事文化：以传奇的特洛伊战争为代表)
- The Trojan War 特洛伊战争
- A war in Greek legend (希腊传说中的一场战争)
- Between the Trojans and the Greeks (特洛伊人与希腊人之间的战争)
- Waged by the Greeks (Greek coalition army including the Spartans) (由希腊人（包括斯巴达在内的希腊联军）发动)
- War Location: the city of Troy (战争地点：特洛伊城)
- The Legend of the Trojan War (特洛伊战争的传说)
- A golden apple inscribed with the words “To the Fairest”, apple of discord (一个刻有“给最美的人”字样的金苹果，即“纷争的苹果”)
- Setting: wedding of Peleus and Thetis (背景：佩琉斯与忒提斯的婚礼)
- Judgement of Paris (帕里斯的审判)
- Main Figures (主要人物): - Eris, goddess of discord (纷争女神厄里斯) - Paris, a prince of Troy (特洛伊王子帕里斯) - Three Goddesses: Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena (三位女神：阿佛洛狄忒、赫拉、雅典娜) - Helen, wife of the king of Sparta, the most beautiful woman in the world (斯巴达王后海伦，世界上最美的女人)
- The Fall of Troy (特洛伊的陷落) - Trojan horse (特洛伊木马)
II. Greek Dark Ages (希腊黑暗时代)
- Time Period: 1100-900BC (时间：公元前1100-900年)
- →Greek Renaissance (900-700BC) (之后进入希腊文艺复兴时期)
- →Orientalized Greece (700-600BC) (再之后进入东方化时期)
- Homer and His Epics (荷马及其史诗)
- Homer: 850BC- (荷马：约公元前850年)
- Believed to be a blind Greek poet (据信是一位古希腊盲诗人)
- Homeric Epics (荷马史诗) - The Iliad: set in the final year of the Trojan war《伊里亚特》 (背景设定在特洛伊战争的最后一年) - The Odyssey: describing the return of the Greek hero Odysseus (Ulysses) from the Trojan war. 《奥德赛》 (描述希腊英雄奥德修斯/尤利西斯从特洛伊战争中归来的故事)
- The Iliad (《伊利亚特》)
- Setting: the final year of the Trojan war (背景：特洛伊战争的最后一年)
- Some Figures (部分人物): - Agamemnon: king of Mycenae, commander of the Greek army (阿伽门农：迈锡尼国王，希腊联军统帅) - Achilles: greatest Greek warrior, Achilles’ heel (阿喀琉斯：最伟大的希腊战士，其弱点是“阿喀琉斯之踵”) - Patroclus: close friend of Achilles (帕特罗克洛斯：阿喀琉斯的挚友) - Hector: a prince of Troy, greatest warrior of Troy (赫克托耳：特洛伊王子，特洛伊最伟大的战士)
- The Odyssey (《奥德赛》)
- The return of the Greek hero Odysseus (Ulysses) from the Trojan war (希腊英雄奥德修斯/尤利西斯的返乡之旅)
- Odysseus, king of Ithaca, a Greek warrior (奥德修斯：伊萨卡国王，一位希腊战士)
- Journey of Odysseus (奥德修斯的旅程中的著名情节) - Land of the Lotus Eaters (食忘忧果者之岛) - Odysseus and the Sirens (奥德修斯与塞壬女妖) - Penelope’s web (佩涅罗佩的织布，比喻永远完成不了的工作)
III. Archaistic Greece (600-500BC) (古风时期)
- The Ancient Olympic Games (古代奥林匹克运动会)
- First held in 776 BC (首次于公元前776年举办)
- Rise of Polis (city state) (城邦的兴起)
- Polis (城邦)
- Asty: urban zone (城市区域)
- agora (market area) (市场区域)
- temples (神庙)
- building/area for public decision (公共决策场所)
- entertainment facilities (theater/stadium) (娱乐设施，如剧院/体育场)
- Acropolis (卫城，通常是城邦的制高点和宗教中心) - Chora: rural zone (乡村区域)
- Two major polis: Athens and Sparta (两大城邦：雅典和斯巴达)
- Education in Sparta (斯巴达的教育)
- goal to produce soldier-citizens (目标：培养士兵公民)
- test of fitness, military ability, and leadership skills (考验体能、军事能力和领导技巧)
- provided training for girls; strong young women produce strong babies (为女孩提供训练，认为强壮的女性能生育强壮的后代)
- Education in Athens (雅典的教育)
- goal to produce citizens trained in arts of peace and war (目标：培养在和平与战争艺术方面都受过训练的公民)
- until 6 taught by their mothers; attended elementary until 14 (6岁前由母亲教育，之后上小学至14岁)
- wealthier continued under the tutelage of philosopher-teachers (富裕家庭的孩子会继续在哲学家-教师的指导下学习)
- Athens (雅典)
- Greece is often referred to as the cradle of Western civilization. Ancient Athens was considered to be its center. (希腊常被称为西方文明的摇篮，而古雅典被认为是其中心。)
- The Acropolis of Athens 雅典卫城
- The Parthenon in Athens (雅典帕特农神庙)
- An enduring symbol of ancient Greek culture (古希腊文化的不朽象征)
- stood atop the Acropolis of Athens for nearly 2,500 years (屹立于雅典卫城之上近2500年)
- built to give thanks to Athena, the city’s patron goddess (为感谢城市的守护女神雅典娜而建)
- officially called the Temple of Athena the Virgin (正式名称为“处女神雅典娜神庙”)
- Impact on modern buildings, eg. Lincoln Memorial (对现代建筑产生影响，如林肯纪念堂)
IV. Classical Greece (500-323 BC) (古典时期)
- Ancient Greek drama (古希腊戏剧)
- Three Great Tragic Dramatists (三大悲剧家)
- Aeschylus 埃斯库罗斯
- Famous Works (著名作品)
- Prometheus Bound 《被缚的普罗米修斯》
- Persians (《波斯人》)
- Agamemnon (《阿伽门农》)
- Sophocles 索福克勒斯
- Famous Works (著名作品)
- Oedipus the King《俄狄浦斯王》
- Electra (《厄勒克特拉》)
- Antigone (《安提戈涅》)
- Euripides 欧里庇得斯
- Famous Works (著名作品)
- Medea 《美狄亚》
- Trojan Women (《特洛伊妇女》)
- Andromache (《安德洛玛刻》)
- Aristophanes (阿里斯多芬)
- The best comedy writer (最杰出的喜剧作家)
- Ancient Greek philosophy (古希腊哲学)
- The Greatest Names in European Philosophy (欧洲哲学三巨头)
- Socrates (苏格拉底)
- Plato (柏拉图)
- Aristotle (亚里士多德)
- Socrates (苏格拉底)
- Greek (Athenian) philosopher (希腊（雅典）哲学家)
- Probably most influential thinker of his time (可能是他那个时代最具影响力的思想家)
- Elenctic method (Socratic method) (诘问法，即苏格拉底方法)
- Questioning everything and everyone, including influential figures of his time (质疑一切和每一个人，包括当时的有影响力的人物)
- The Trial of Socrates (苏格拉底的审判) - Offending leaders of his time (得罪了当时的领导人) - Tried for corrupting the youth of Athens (因“腐蚀雅典青年”的罪名受审) - Sentenced to drink hemlock, leading to his death (被判处饮用毒堇汁而死) - The Death of Socrates (苏格拉底之死，柏拉图的对话录对此有详细描述)
- Plato (柏拉图)
- Socrates’ pupil (苏格拉底的学生)
- influential Greek philosopher (有影响力的希腊哲学家)
- Founded the Academy (创立了阿卡德米学园)
- Plato’s Philosophy: Idealism (or Theory of Forms) (柏拉图的哲学：唯心主义或理念论)
- Key Work: Dialogues (主要著作：对话录) - - Apology: Socrates’ defense at trial (《申辩篇》：苏格拉底在审判中的辩护词) - - Symposium: Beauty and love (《会饮篇》：讨论美与爱) - - Republic: The ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets (《理想国》：描绘由哲学家王统治但排斥诗人的理想国度)
- Aristotle (亚里士多德)
- Pupil of Plato (柏拉图的学生)
- Tutor of Alexander the Great, the Macedonian king (马其顿国王亚历山大大帝的老师)
- Philosophy (哲学思想): - Emphasizing direct observation of nature (强调对自然的直接观察) - Theory should follow fact (理论应遵循事实) - Form and matter make up concrete realities (形式与物质共同构成具体现实)
- Aristotle’s Versatility (亚里士多德的多才多艺) - Combined works comprising an encyclopedia of Greek knowledge (其著作构成了一部希腊知识的百科全书) - Known for being one of the few figures in history who studied almost every subject possible at the time (以研究当时几乎所有可能的学科而闻名)
- Aristotle Established the Peripatetic School in Athens (亚里士多德在雅典建立了逍遥学派)
- Science (科学)
- Pythagoras (毕达哥拉斯)
- Greek philosopher and mathematician (希腊哲学家和数学家)
- Considered the first true mathematician (被认为是第一个真正的数学家)
- Pythagorean theorem 毕达哥拉斯定理 (即勾股定理)
- The pentagram containing the Golden Ratio studied by the Pythagorean school (毕达哥拉斯学派研究了包含黄金比例的五角星形)
V. Hellenic Greece (323-31 BC) (希腊化时期)
- Alexander the Great (亚历山大大帝)
- Built up Alexander’s Empire (建立了亚历山大帝国)
- Four Schools of Philosophers in the 4th Century BC (公元前4世纪的四大哲学流派)
- The Cynics (犬儒主义学派): rejecting conventional desires for wealth, power, and social approval (拒绝财富、权力和社会认可等传统欲望)
- The Sceptics (怀疑论学派): emphasizing questioning, suspension of judgment (强调质疑和悬置判断)
- The Epicureans (伊壁鸠鲁学派): believing pleasure is the highest good in life (认为快乐是人生的最高善)
- The Stoics (斯多葛学派): believing duty, not pleasure is the most important thing in life (认为责任而非快乐是人生中最重要的事情)
- Science (科学)
- Archimedes (阿基米德)
- Greek physicist (希腊物理学家)
- Famous Quote: “Eureka!” (著名引言：“我找到了！”)
- Famous Quote: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.” (著名引言：“给我一个支点，我将撬动地球。”)
- Euclid (欧几里得)
- Father of geometry (几何学之父)
- Elements (a textbook of geometry)《几何原本》
- End of Ancient Greek Culture (古希腊文化的终结)
- 31 BC (公元前31年) - Cleopatra was defeated by Octavian and committed suicide (克利奥帕特拉（埃及艳后）被屋大维击败后自杀) - Roman Conquest of Egypt (罗马征服埃及) - End of the Hellenic Period (希腊化时期结束) - Leading to the rise of the Roman Empire (导致了罗马帝国的崛起)
Section 3 Ancient Roman Culture (第三章：古罗马文化)
I. Romans and Greeks (罗马与希腊)
- Rome’s cultural roots (罗马的文化根源)
- Many aspects of Roman culture were adapted from the Ancient Greeks (罗马文化多方面借鉴古希腊)
- Architecture: Greek column capitals vs Roman column capitals (建筑：希腊柱式与罗马柱式的对比)
- 3 Greek column capitals: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian (3种希腊柱式：多立克式、爱奥尼式、科林斯式)
- 5 Roman column capitals: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Composite (5种罗马柱式：塔斯干式、多立克式、爱奥尼式、科林斯式、混合式)
- Mythology: Gods and goddesses in Greek and Roman myth (神话：希腊与罗马神话中的神祇对应)
- Social life: education, Hellenistic landscape gardening, cuisine (社会生活：教育、希腊化风格的园林艺术、烹饪)
- Language (语言):
- Latin: language of the western half of the Roman Empire (拉丁语：罗马帝国西半部分的语言)
- Greek: language of the eastern half of the Roman Empire (希腊语：罗马帝国东半部分的语言)
- Chief Difference (主要区别)
- The Romans built up a vast Empire (罗马人建立了庞大的帝国)
- The Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated. (希腊人没有，除了亚历山大短暂的征服，但很快就解体了。)
II. Roman History (罗马历史)
- Roman History Timeline (罗马历史年表)
- She-wolf (母狼传说)
- The city of Rome (罗马建城)
- Roman Kingdom (753 BC-509 BC) (王政时期)
- Roman Republic (509 BC-27 BC) (共和国时期)
- Roman Empire (27 BC-476 AD) (帝国时期)
- Earliest Roman history (早期罗马历史)
- partly legend (部分是传说)
- incomplete written records (书面记录不完整)
- She-wolf (母狼传说)
- Modest beginning in Roman legend (罗马传说中谦逊的开端)
- Romulus & Remus, legendary founders of Rome (罗穆路斯与瑞摩斯，传说中的罗马奠基者)
- Twin boys said to be descendants of Mars (据说是战神玛尔斯后代的双胞胎男孩)
- chose the place where the she-wolf had nursed them (选择了母狼哺育他们的地方)
- made out the boundaries (划定了边界)
- Rome named after Romulus (罗马城以罗穆路斯的名字命名)
- The City of Rome (753BC-509BC) (罗马城)
- Life in ancient Rome revolving around the city of Rome (古罗马的生活围绕罗马城展开)
- Rome: the city on seven hills 七丘之城
- Septimontium: an ancient Roman festival associated with the seven hills (七山节：一个与七丘有关的古罗马节日)
- Sept(i): seven (词根：七)
- Montes: mountains, hills (词根：山)
- Early settlement on seven hills united to form the city of Rome (七座山丘上的早期定居点联合形成了罗马城)
- City planning (城市规划)
- Imperial residences on the elegant Palatine Hill (the word “palace” is derived); the poor in the city center, packed into apartments (皇室官邸在优雅的帕拉蒂尼山（“宫殿”一词的来源）；穷人则挤在市中心的公寓里)
- Residential architecture, theaters, gymnasiums, taverns, baths… (住宅建筑、剧院、体育馆、酒馆、浴场等)
- A model to many other cities (成为许多其他城市的典范)
- 3. Roman Kingdom (王政时期)
- First king: Romulus (第一位国王：罗穆路斯)
- Romulus killed Remus and became the first king of Rome (罗穆路斯杀死瑞摩斯，成为罗马第一位国王)
- Last king: Tarquin the Proud (最后一位国王：高傲的塔克文)
- A cruel ruler (一位残暴的统治者)
- Expelled after a revolution in 509 BC (在公元前509年的革命后被驱逐)
- Downfall of Tarquin the Proud marking the end of Roman Kingdom (高傲的塔克文的垮台标志着罗马王国的结束)
- First king: Romulus (第一位国王：罗穆路斯)
- 4. Roman Republic (509 BC-27 BC) (共和国时期)
- General Information (基本信息)
- Lasting about 500 years (持续约500年)
- Beginning: the overthrow of the last king, establishment of the republican form of government (开端：推翻末代国王，建立共和政体)
- End: until around the time of the assassination of Julius Caesar (结束：大约在尤利乌斯·凯撒遇刺时期)
- “republic”: from “res publica” (Latin), public thing (“共和国”一词源自拉丁语，意为“公共事务”)
- “civitas”: Latin, Roman citizenship (“公民身份”的拉丁词)
- Social structure (社会结构):
- Roman citizens: patricians and plebeians (罗马公民：贵族与平民)
- Patricians: legal entities (贵族：拥有法律实体地位)
- Plebeians: basically had no legal capacity (平民：基本没有法律行为能力)
- Slaves: mostly prisoners of war (奴隶：大多为战俘)
- Vote (投票权)
- Voting rights: adult male citizens (投票权：成年男性公民)
- Women, slaves and children not allowed to vote (妇女、奴隶和儿童无权投票)
- Roman Conquest of Greece (罗马征服希腊)
- Burning of Corinth in 146 BC marking Roman conquest of Greece (公元前146年科林斯的焚毁标志着罗马对希腊的征服)
- Decline of the Roman Republic (罗马共和国的衰落)
- An endless supply of fresh slave labor –> jobless poorer Roman citizens (源源不断的奴隶劳动力导致贫穷的罗马公民失业)
- Arenas for gladiatorial combats –> death and mutilation (角斗竞技场导致死亡与伤残)
- Slaves’ resistance (奴隶的反抗) - The Sicilian Revolts (2nd century BC) (西西里起义) - The Spartacus Revolt (71 BC) (斯巴达克斯起义)
- End of the Roman Republic (共和国的终结)
- Assassination of Julius Caesar signaled the end of the Republic (尤利乌斯·凯撒遇刺标志着共和国的终结)
- Julius Caesar (尤利乌斯·凯撒) - A successful general, dictator in Rome (一位成功的将军，罗马的独裁官) - Recorded what he did and saw in the military campaigns (记录了他在军事行动中的所作所为) - Models of succinct Latin (简洁拉丁文的典范) - Famous quote: “VENI, VIDI, VICI.” (I came, I saw, I conquered.) (名言：“我来，我见，我征服。”) - Assassinated by the Senate 元老院 in 44 BC to prevent him from being an emperor (为阻止他成为皇帝，于公元前44年被元老院刺杀)
- Roman dictatorship (罗马的独裁统治) - Sulla established dictatorship in 83 BC (苏拉于公元前83年建立独裁) - The first triumvirate: Julius Caesar, Pompeii and Crassus (前三头同盟：凯撒、庞培、克拉苏) - The second triumvirate: Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian (the first emperor of the Roman Empire in 27 BC) (后三头同盟：安东尼、雷必达、屋大维（后成为罗马帝国第一位皇帝）)
- 5. Roman Empire (帝国时期)
- General Information (基本信息)
- Beginning: 27 BC, Augustus became the first Roman emperor (开端：公元前27年，奥古斯都成为第一位皇帝)
- End (结束): - 476 AD, the end of the Western Roman Empire (公元476年，西罗马帝国终结) - 1453 AD, the end of the Eastern Roman Empire (公元1453年，东罗马帝国终结)
- Reached its greatest extent 2 centuries after the beginning of the Empire (帝国建立两个世纪后达到最大疆域)
- Expanded into ancient Britain, Arabia, and Dacia, across 3 continents (扩张至古不列颠、阿拉伯和达契亚，横跨三大洲)
- Beginning of the Roman Empire (罗马帝国的开端)
- Caesar Augustus (Octavian) proclaimed Emperor by the Senate in 27 BC (公元前27年，凯撒·奥古斯都（屋大维）被元老院宣布为皇帝)
- Beginning of the Roman Empire: Leadership of Augustus, the first Roman emperor. (罗马帝国的开端：第一位皇帝奥古斯都的领导)
- Pax Romana (罗马和平)
- Augustus set into motion a process of political and social stability (奥古斯都开启了一个政治和社会稳定的进程)
- Resulting in a long period of peace lasting two hundred years (27 BC-180 AD) (带来了一个长达两百年的和平时期)
- Namely the Pax Romana, the Roman Peace (即罗马和平)
- The Altar of Peace 和平祭坛, dedicated to the Pax Romana of Augustus (为奥古斯都的罗马和平而建的和平祭坛)
- Five Good Emperors of the period (该时期的“五贤帝”)
- Nerva 涅尔瓦, Trajan 图拉真, Hadrian 哈德良, Pius 毕尤, Aurelius 奥勒留
- Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (罗马帝国的衰落与灭亡)
- 3rd century: Roman Empire beginning to decline (3世纪：罗马帝国开始衰落)
- 4th century: the division of the Roman Empire (4世纪：罗马帝国的分裂) - In 395 AD, Emperor Constantine moving the capital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul) (公元395年，君士坦丁皇帝迁都，从罗马迁至拜占庭，并改名为君士坦丁堡（今伊斯坦布尔）) - After 395 AD, the Empire permanently divided into Eastern Roman Empire (the Byzantine Empire) and Western Roman Empire (公元395年后，帝国永久分裂为东罗马帝国（拜占庭帝国）和西罗马帝国)
- 5th century: the end of the Western Roman Empire (5世纪：西罗马帝国的终结) - In 476 AD, the last emperor of the West deposed by the Goths, marking the end of the West Roman Empire (公元476年，西罗马末代皇帝被哥特人废黜，标志着西罗马帝国的灭亡) - In 1453, the Eastern Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks. (1453年，君士坦丁堡被土耳其人攻陷，东罗马帝国灭亡)
- A Religious Center (宗教中心)
- Emperor Constantine (Constantine the Great) (君士坦丁大帝)
- The 1st Christian Roman Emperor (第一位信奉基督教的罗马皇帝)
- Issued the Edict of Milan 米兰敕令 in 313 AD (于公元313年颁布《米兰敕令》)
- Legalized Christianity (使基督教合法化)
- Theodosius I (狄奥多西一世)
- Declared Christianity as the official state religion of the Roman Empire (宣布基督教为罗马帝国国教)
III. Roman Literature (罗马文学)
- Roman Literature
- Virgil (维吉尔)
- Cicero (西塞罗)
- Virgil (维吉尔)
- Roman Poet (罗马诗人)
- the greatest of Latin poets (最伟大的拉丁语诗人)
- The great epic: the Aeneid, the story of Aeneas, a Trojan prince carrying on the Trojan cause in a new place, Rome. (伟大史诗：《埃涅阿斯纪》，讲述特洛伊王子埃涅阿斯在罗马建立新家园的故事)
- Cicero (西塞罗)
- noted for his oratory & fine writing style (以其雄辩术和优美的写作风格著称)
- legal & political speeches as models of Latin diction (其法律和政治演说成为拉丁语措辞的典范)
- His eloquent, oratorical manner of writing described as Ciceronian (他雄辩的演说式写作风格被称为“西塞罗风格”)
- an enormous influence on the development of European prose (对欧洲散文的发展产生了巨大影响)
IV. Roman Legacy (罗马遗产)
- Architecture (建筑)
- Forum (广场)
- Arch (拱门)
- Colosseum (斗兽场)
- Pantheon (万神殿)
- Public services (aqueduct, Pont du Gard, baths, roads) (公共服务设施：水道、加德水道桥、浴场、道路)
- Colosseum (斗兽场)
- the best-known amphitheatre in the world (世界上最著名的圆形剧场)
- once used for gladiatorial combats (曾用于角斗士比赛)
- capable of seating 50,000 spectators (可容纳5万名观众)
- estimated deaths between 500,000 and 1,000,000 in the Colosseum games (据估计有50万至100万人在斗兽场的比赛中丧生)
- Pantheon (万神殿)
- Different from Parthenon in Athens (不同于雅典的帕特农神庙)
- the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple (最伟大且保存最完好的罗马神庙)
- Built in 27 BC, reconstructed in the 2nd century AD (建于公元前27年，于公元2世纪重建)
- in a round domed form (圆形穹顶结构)
- the world’s first vast interior space (世界上第一个巨大的内部空间)
- Roman Law (罗马法)
- core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries (许多西方国家民商法的核心)
- Law of the Twelve Tables 十二铜表法 - Foundational code of Roman law (罗马法的基础法典) - Inscribed on bronze tablets and displayed in the Roman Forum (刻在铜表上并展示于罗马广场)
- Influence on the development of legal systems in Western countries (对西方国家法律体系的发展产生影响)
- Continental Law System originated from Roman law (大陆法系起源于罗马法)
Section 4 Middle Ages (第四章：中世纪)
I. The Middle Ages (中世纪)
- General Intro (概述)
- The thousand-year period between the 5th century and the 15th century (公元5-15世纪，千年之久)
- Called the Middle Ages or the Medieval period (也称中世纪时期)
- The historical period between the ancient times and the modern times (介于古代与现代之间的历史时期)
- Began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 AD) (始于公元476年西罗马帝国灭亡)
- Led to the Renaissance 文艺复兴 (导向文艺复兴)
II. Age of Faith (信仰的时代)
- General Intro (概述)
- In the place of ancient Rome mushroomed a great many Germanic kingdoms, which in a few hundred years were to grow into the nations known as England, France, Spain, Italy and Germany. (在古罗马的土地上涌现出许多日耳曼王国，几百年后发展成为英、法、西、意、德等国)
- Between the 5th and 11th centuries, Western Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions. (5至11世纪间，西欧战乱频发)
- No central government to keep the order (没有中央政府维持秩序)
- The Christian Church was the only organization that seemed to bring Europe together. (基督教会是唯一能统一欧洲的组织)
- In the late Middle Ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian. (中世纪后期几乎人人都是基督徒)
- The Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”. (中世纪也因此被称为“信仰的时代”)
- Two Main figures of the Age of Faith (信仰时代的两位主要人物)
- Augustine of Hippo: St. Augustine (希波的奥古斯丁：圣奥古斯丁)
- philosopher & theologian (哲学家与神学家)
- Major works: The City of God, Confessions (主要著作：《上帝之城》、《忏悔录》)
- St. Jerome (圣哲罗姆)
- Translated the Bible into Latin (将《圣经》翻译成拉丁文)
- Vulgate, the official Latin Bible (《武加大译本》，官方拉丁文《圣经》)
- Translations of the Bible (圣经的翻译)
- The Old Testament: originally written in Hebrew (《旧约》：原文为希伯来文)
- The New Testament: originally written in Greek (《新约》：原文为希腊文)
- Septuagint: one of the earliest translations, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures (《七十士译本》：最早的译本之一，是希伯来圣经的希腊文译本)
- Vulgate: the definitive Latin Bible translated by St. Jerome (《武加大译本》：由圣哲罗姆翻译的权威拉丁文《圣经》)
- The first English version by John Wycliff, translated from Latin into English (第一个英文版本由约翰·威克里夫从拉丁文翻译而来)
- William Tyndale’s English version based directly on the original Hebrew and Greek sources (威廉·廷代尔的英文版本直接基于希伯来文和希腊文原文)
- The most important and influential of English Bible: The Authorized Version (最重要且最具影响力的英文《圣经》：《钦定版》) - under the auspices of James I, called the King James Bible (在詹姆斯一世的主持下完成，也称《英王詹姆斯圣经》) - a great influence on English language and literature (对英语语言和文学有巨大影响) - The English Bible and Shakespeare: two great reservoirs of modern English (《英语圣经》与莎士比亚：现代英语的两大宝库)
III. Feudalism (封建制度)
- Feudalism in Europe (欧洲的封建制度)
- In Europe: a system of land holding, a system of holding land in exchange for military service (在欧洲：一种以持有土地换取军事服务的制度)
- Derived from the Latin word “feudum”, a grant of land (源自拉丁词“feudum”，意为“封地”)
- The fall of the Western Roman Empire marked the beginning of feudalism in Europe. (西罗马帝国的灭亡标志着欧洲封建制度的开始)
- The kingdoms of western Europe were divided into thousands of feudal manors or farming communities. (西欧的王国被分裂成数以千计的封建庄园或农耕社区)
- People lived in constant danger of attacks from invaders and robbers. (人们生活在侵略者和强盗袭击的持续危险中)
- They had to seek protection from powerful landowners. (他们必须向强大的地主寻求保护)
- The peasants gave the lords not only their land but also their freedom. (农民不仅将土地，也把自由交给了领主)
- Most of them became serfs (or villeins). (他们中的大多数成为了农奴)
- Only very few peasants were freemen. (只有极少数农民是自由人)
- Feudal System: a form of local & decentralized system (封建体系：一种地方性的、分散的系统)
- Social classes: clergy (King), lords (Barons & Knights) and peasants (serfs or villeins) (社会阶层：神职人员（国王）、领主（男爵和骑士）和农民（农奴）)
- Hierarchical structure of the feudal system (封建制度的等级结构) - King owned all the land (国王拥有所有土地) - Barons leased land (Manor) from the king, known as the Lord of the Manor (男爵从国王处租借土地（庄园），被称为庄园领主) - Knights were given land by a Baron in return for military service (骑士从男爵处获得土地以换取军事服务) - Serfs were given land by Knights and provided free labor, food and services (农奴从骑士处获得土地，并提供免费劳动力、食物和服务)
- The Manor (庄园) - Feudal manors: the center of medieval life under feudalism (封建庄园：封建制度下中世纪生活的中心) - Owned by lords and granted to their vassals in the form of fiefs (由领主拥有，并以封地的形式授予其封臣) - Lords living in manor houses, meeting with their vassals, enforcing the laws, and attending prayers (领主住在庄园宅邸，会见封臣，执行法律并参加祈祷) - Manor houses were called castles by the 12th century (到12世纪，庄园宅邸被称为城堡)
- Knights (骑士) - members of the noble class (贵族阶级成员) - socially as bearers of arms (社会上作为持械者) - economically as owners of horse and armor (经济上作为马匹和盔甲的所有者) - officially through a knighting ceremony (通过册封仪式正式成为骑士) - Code of Chivalry: root of the western idea of good manners (骑士精神：西方良好风度的根源)
- Crusades: a series of military campaigns (1096-1291) in which European knights attempted to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control (十字军东征：欧洲骑士试图从穆斯林控制下夺回圣地的一系列军事行动)
IV. Learning and Literature (学术与文学)
- Carolingian Renaissance (加洛林文艺复兴)
- Charlemagne (查理曼大帝) - Charles the Great (查理大帝) - Carolingian King of the Franks (法兰克王国的加洛林王朝国王)
- Carolingian Renaissance: the revival of classical and Christian cultures (加洛林文艺复兴：古典文化与基督教文化的复兴)
- Study and transcription of the Bible (学习和抄写《圣经》)
- Standardization and normalization of Latin (拉丁语的标准化和规范化)
- Teaching and development of 7 Liberal arts in schools (在学校中教授和发展七艺) - Grammar (语法) - Dialectic (Logic) (辩证法，即逻辑学) - Rhetoric (修辞学) - Arithmetic (算术) - Geometry (几何) - Music (音乐) - Astronomy (天文学)
- Literature: Transition from Latin to variety (文学：从拉丁语到多样化的过渡)
- National Epics 民族史诗运动 - The national epics: refer to the epics written in vernacular languages, the languages of various national states in the Middle Ages (民族史诗：指用本国语言——中世纪各民族国家的语言——写成的史诗) - Literary works no longer exclusively written in Latin (文学作品不再仅仅用拉丁文书写) - Starting point of a gradual transition from Latin culture to a variety of national characteristics (从拉丁文化向多样的民族特色文化逐渐过渡的起点)
- Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 - An Anglo-Saxon epic, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature (一部盎格鲁-撒克逊史诗，源于口头文学的集体创作) - The first English literary masterpiece (第一部英语文学杰作)
- The Song of Roland《罗兰之歌》 - French medieval epic (法国中世纪史诗) - The most famous knight was Roland, the nephew of Charlemagne (最著名的骑士是查理曼大帝的侄子罗兰)
V. Art and Architecture: Romanesque and Gothic (艺术与建筑：罗马式与哥特式)
- Romanesque 罗马式
- Architectural and artistic style in Europe during the 11th and 12th centuries (11至12世纪欧洲的建筑与艺术风格)
- Main features: massiveness, solidity, monumentality (主要特点：厚重、坚固、不朽)
- Gothic 哥特式
- Architectural and artistic style starting in France, an outgrowth of the Romanesque (始于法国的建筑与艺术风格，是罗马式的派生)
- flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th century (从12世纪中叶繁荣至15世纪末，部分地区延续到16世纪)
- high cathedrals reflecting a hierarchical and ordered feudal society with full confidence (高耸的大教堂反映了充满信心的等级森严、秩序井然的封建社会)
- Main features: high-rising steeples, stained glass windows, life-like sculptures (主要特点：高耸的尖塔、彩色玻璃窗、栩栩如生的雕塑)
Section 5 Renaissance (第五章：文艺复兴)
I. Renaissance: Bridge Between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era (文艺复兴：中世纪与现代的桥梁)
- Overview (概述)
- Time period: 14th century to mid-17th century (时间：14世纪至17世纪中叶)
- Place: Europe (地点：欧洲)
- Renaissance: The revival of interest in ancient Greek & Roman culture (文艺复兴：复兴对古希腊罗马文化的兴趣)
- The Essence of the Renaissance (文艺复兴的精髓)
- Essence: Humanism (核心：人文主义)
- Shifts of Interests (兴趣的转变) - from Christianity to humanity (从基督教到人性) - from religion to philosophy (从宗教到哲学) - from heaven to earth (从天堂到尘世) - from the beauty of God to the beauty of the human body (从上帝之美到人体之美)
- At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy: The greatness of man (文艺复兴哲学的核心：人的伟大)
- Start of Renaissance (文艺复兴的开端)
- Starting Place: Italy (Florence as the birthplace of the Renaissance) (起源地：意大利，佛罗伦萨为文艺复兴发源地)
- Later spread to the rest of Europe (之后传播到欧洲其他地区)
- Renaissance Achievements (文艺复兴的成就)
- Italy: Fine arts (paintings, sculpture, architecture) (意大利：美术（绘画、雕塑、建筑）)
- France: Literature (法国：文学)
- England: Philosophy and drama (英国：哲学与戏剧)
II. Renaissance in Italy (意大利的文艺复兴)
- Renaissance in Italy (意大利文艺复兴)
- Florence: The Cradle of the Renaissance (starting place) (佛罗伦萨：文艺复兴的摇篮（发源地）)
- Known as the “Athens of the Middle Ages” (被称为“中世纪的雅典”)
- Medici Family: Patrons of the Renaissance (美第奇家族：文艺复兴的赞助人)
- The Three Crowns of the Italian Renaissance (意大利文艺复兴三杰)
- Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)但丁
- The greatest poet of Italy (意大利最伟大的诗人)
- The Divine Comedy 《神曲》
- Inferno (Hell) 《地狱篇》
- Purgatorio (Purgatory) 《炼狱篇》
- Paradiso (Paradise)《天堂篇》
- Petrarch (1304-1374)彼得拉克 - Father of Renaissance humanism (文艺复兴人文主义之父) - Canzoniers (375 poems)《歌集》 - Petrarchan Sonnet 彼得拉克体（一种十四行诗体）
- Boccaccio (1313-1375) 薄伽丘 - Decameron: 100 stories told over ten days 《十日谈》
- Italian High Renaissance (1490-1530) (意大利文艺复兴鼎盛时期)
- Florence –> Milan–> Rome (中心从佛罗伦萨转移到米兰，再到罗马)
- Big Three Names of the High Renaissance: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael (盛期三杰：达芬奇、米开朗基罗、拉斐尔)
- Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)
- Major paintings (主要画作):
- The most famous religious painting: The Last Supper (最著名的宗教画：《最后的晚餐》)
- The most famous portrait: Mona Lisa (最著名的肖像画：《蒙娜丽莎》)
- A Genius of Man: a renaissance man (人之天才：一位文艺复兴式的全才)
- Father of modern science (现代科学之父)
- made observational drawings of anatomy; (绘制解剖学观察图)
- is innovative in science theory and in conducting actual science practice; (在科学理论和实践上进行创新)
- set up controlled experiments in water flow, medical dissection, and systematic study of movement and aerodynamics; (在水流、医学解剖、运动和空气动力学方面设立受控实验)
- devised principles of research method; (设计了研究方法的原则)
- whose science is more in tune with holistic non-mechanistic and non-reductive approaches to science which are becoming popular today. (其科学更符合当今流行的整体论、非机械论和非还原论方法) - Raphael (拉斐尔)
- Major paintings (主要画作)
- Best known for his paintings of Madonnas (以其圣母画作闻名)
- The Sistine Madonna (《西斯廷圣母》)
- School of Athens (《雅典学院》) - Michelangelo (米开朗基罗)
- A Renaissance Man: the term inspired by Michelangelo (一位文艺复兴人：该术语受米朗基罗启发)
- Artistic style: the art style of documentary realism (艺术风格：纪实性现实主义)
- Artistic fields: sculptor, painter, architect, poet (艺术领域：雕塑家、画家、建筑师、诗人)
- Sculpture: David (雕塑：《大卫》)
- Painting: The Last Judgement (绘画：《最后的审判》)
- Architecture: dome of St. Peter’s Basilica (建筑：圣彼得大教堂穹顶)
- Major paintings (主要画作):
- Other Italian Renaissance Artists (其他意大利文艺复兴艺术家)
- Donatello (多纳泰罗)
- An early Italian Renaissance artist (早期意大利文艺复兴艺术家)
- Sculptor (雕塑家)
- Giotto (乔托)
- Italian painter and architect from Florence (来自佛罗伦萨的意大利画家和建筑师)
- Forerunner of the Renaissance (文艺复兴的先驱)
- Father of European painting (欧洲绘画之父)
- Titian (提香)
- Father of the modern mode of painting (oil color on canvas) (现代绘画模式之父（布面油画）)
- An Allegory of Prudence 《审慎的寓言》
- Botticelli (1445-1510) (波提切利)
- An early Italian Renaissance artist (早期意大利文艺复兴艺术家)
- Painter (画家)
- The Birth of Venus (《维纳斯的诞生》)
III. Renaissance in Other Countries (其他国家的文艺复兴)
- Renaissance in Other Countries (其他国家的文艺复兴)
- Spain: Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote (西班牙：塞万提斯，《堂吉诃德》)
- France: François Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel (法国：拉伯雷，《巨人传》)
- England: William Shakespeare, Hamlet (英国：莎士比亚，《哈姆雷特》)
- Miguel de Cervantes (塞万提斯)
- A Spanish novelist, dramatist and poet (西班牙小说家、剧作家、诗人)
- Don Quixote《堂吉珂德》
- Father of the modern European novel (现代欧洲小说之父)
- François Rabelais (拉伯雷)
- A French Humanist writer (法国人文主义作家)
- Best known for the satirical work Gargantua and Pantagruel《巨人传》(以讽刺作品《巨人传》闻名)
- Praising the greatness of man (颂扬人的伟大)
- William Shakespeare (莎士比亚)
- An English poet and playwright (英国诗人与剧作家)
- One of the greatest of all writers in the English language and in Western literature (英语语言及西方文学史上最伟大的作家之一)
- One of the world’s preeminent dramatists (世界上最杰出的剧作家之一)
- Summit of the English Renaissance (英国文艺复兴的顶峰)
- Among the very few playwrights excelling in both comedy and tragedy (少数同时擅长喜剧与悲剧的剧作家之一)
- Major works (主要作品)
- Four comedies (四大喜剧)
- The Tempest (《暴风雨》)
- A Midsummer Night’s Dream (《仲夏夜之梦》)
- Twelfth Night (《第十二夜》)
- The Merchant of Venice (《威尼斯商人》) - Four tragedies (四大悲剧)
- Hamlet (《哈姆雷特》)
- Othello (《奥赛罗》)
- King Lear (《李尔王》)
- Macbeth (《麦克白》)
IV. Others (其他)
-
Protestant Reformation in the 16th century (16世纪的新教改革)
-
Christianity split into two divisions: Catholic and Protestant (基督教分裂为两大派系：天主教与新教)
-
Geographical Discoveries in this Period (这一时期的地理大发现)
-
Key geographical discoveries (关键的地理发现)
Navigator (航海家) Time (时间) Patron (赞助国) Significance (意义) Bartholomeu Dias (迪亚士) 15th century (15世纪) Portugal (葡萄牙) Cape of Good Hope (好望角) Vasco da Gama (达伽马) 15th century (15世纪) Portugal (葡萄牙) Route to India (通往印度的航线) Christopher Columbus (哥伦布) 15th century (15世纪) Spain (西班牙) New World (新大陆) Ferdinand Magellan (麦哲伦) 16th century (16世纪) Spain (西班牙) 1st global voyage (首次环球航行) -
Section 6 17th Century (第六章：17世纪)
- 请参考课件
-
Section 7 The Enlightenment (第七章：启蒙运动)
- 请参考课件
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